In order to explore the economic development of ports in countries along the Maritime Silk Road and quantify the spatial spillover effect of port development on the economic growth of countries along the Maritime Silk Road, based on the transnational panel data from 2010 to 2019 and with the help of ArcGIS software, the temporal and spatial evolution of ports and economic development in countries along the Maritime Silk Road was investigated, a spatial econometric model was established and solved to quantify the spatial spillover effect of port development on national economic growth, and the calculation of direct and indirect spillover effects was further refined. The results show that port development has a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the economic growth of countries along the line, a country’s port development can advance the economic growth of neighboring countries, and the indirect spillover effect of latter is more than the direct spillover effect of former.