为提高FeMnSi记忆合金应力诱发γ↔ε马氏体相变的应力自适应特性，提升其疲劳强度、耐磨性、释放残余应力、减小应力集中以及抑制微裂纹的能力，本文研究了316不锈钢表面通过激光合金化制备FeMnSiCrNi记忆合金涂层的工艺及其性能特性。研究采用激光合金化技术在316不锈钢表面制备FeMnSiCrNi记忆合金涂层，使用有限元分析软件ANSYS对涂层熔池形状与尺寸进行仿真模拟，优化激光合金化工艺参数后筛选出最佳工艺为激光功率2000 W、扫描速度400 mm/s、离焦距离-30 mm、重叠率50%。随后，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线应力分析仪、显微硬度计和摩擦测试仪，系统分析涂层的微观结构、残余应力分布、力学性能及耐磨性。观察结果表明涂层结构致密，表面光滑，与316不锈钢基体形成了良好的冶金结合，主要由γ奥氏体相和部分ε马氏体相组成。激光合金化过程中产生的残余应力诱发了γ→ε马氏体相变，涂层冷却后中间区域的横向残余应力表现为压应力，两侧逐渐转为拉应力，沿激光扫描方向呈现“压应力→拉应力→压应力”分布。FeMnSiCrNi记忆合金涂层硬度显著高于316不锈钢基体，且摩擦系数较低。干摩擦条件下，在10 N、15 N和20 N载荷下，Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni涂层的摩擦系数分别为0.46、0.57和0.97，而不锈钢基体的摩擦系数分别为0.57、0.98和1.33。在干摩擦持续10分钟条件下，Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni涂层的磨损量分别为0.17 g（10 N载荷）、0.29 g（15N载荷）和0.50g（20N载荷），显著低于316不锈钢基体的0.42 g（10 N载荷）、0.81 g（15 N载荷）和1.12 g（20 N载荷）。FeMnSi记忆合金涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损，而316不锈钢基体主要表现为粘着磨损。试验结果表明通过激光合金化技术制备的Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni记忆合金涂层表现出优异的力学性能与耐磨性能，并验证了γ→ε马氏体相变对涂层性能优化的重要作用。该涂层不仅显著提高了316不锈钢的硬度和耐磨性，同时优化了摩擦系数与残余应力分布，为设计高性能FeMnSi记忆合金材料的设计提供了新的理论依据与实践，为金属表面改性提供了全新的解决方案。

To enhance the stress-adaptive characteristics of the FeMnSi shape memory alloy's γ↔ε martensitic transformation, improve its fatigue strength, wear resistance, residual stress release, stress concentration reduction, and microcrack inhibition capabilities, this paper studies the process and performance characteristics of FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloy coatings prepared by laser alloying on the surface of 316 stainless steel. The study uses laser alloying technology to prepare FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloy coatings on the surface of 316 stainless steel. The shape and size of the coating molten pool are simulated using the finite element analysis software ANSYS. After optimizing the laser alloying process parameters, the best process is selected as a laser power of 2000 W, a scanning speed of 400 mm/s, a defocusing distance of -30 mm, and an overlap rate of 50%. Subsequently, the microstructure, residual stress distribution, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the coating are systematically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray stress analyzer, microhardness tester, and friction tester. The observation results show that the coating structure is dense, the surface is smooth, and it forms a good metallurgical bond with the 316 stainless steel substrate. It is mainly composed of γ austenite phase and a small amount of ε martensite phase. The residual stress generated during the laser alloying process induces the γ→ε martensitic transformation. After the coating cools, the transverse residual stress in the middle area is compressive stress, and it gradually changes to tensile stress on both sides, showing a "compressive stress→tensile stress→compressive stress" distribution along the laser scanning direction. The hardness of the FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloy coating is significantly higher than that of the 316 stainless steel substrate, and the friction coefficient is lower. Under dry friction conditions, at loads of 10 N, 15 N, and 20 N, the friction coefficients of the Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni coating are 0.46, 0.57, and 0.97, respectively, while those of the stainless steel substrate are 0.57, 0.98, and 1.33, respectively. Under dry friction for 10 minutes, the wear amounts of the Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni coating are 0.17 g (10 N load), 0.29g (15 N load), and 0.50 g (20 N load), significantly lower than those of the 316 stainless steel substrate, which are 0.42 g (10 N load), 0.81g (15 N load), and 1.12 g (20 N load), respectively. The wear mechanism of the FeMnSi shape memory alloy coating is abrasive wear, while the 316 stainless steel substrate mainly shows adhesive wear. The test results show that the Fe₁₇Mn₅Si₁₀Cr₅Ni shape memory alloy coating prepared by laser alloying technology exhibits excellent mechanical properties and wear resistance, and verifies the important role of the γ→ε martensitic transformation in optimizing the coating performance. This coating not only significantly improves the hardness and wear resistance of 316 stainless steel, but also optimizes the friction coefficient and residual stress distribution, providing a new theoretical basis and practical solution for the design of high-performance FeMnSi shape memory alloy materials and metal surface modification.